How can humanities studies of science inform science policy? Are scientists the only academics needed to inform science policy?
During the closing plenary, I made a closing remark when given the opportunity. I began by introducing myself, and my affiliation with the University of Toronto's Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology (IHPST). Some will remember me saying “it has often be remarked that, in order to see where we are going, we need to know where we’ve been.” I then suggested that many of the conceptual difficulties involved in the issues addressed at the CSPC were very similar to issues that we deal with in the humanities dscipline known as History and Philosophy of Science (HPS): issues about the nature of evidence; making decisions under uncertainty; conceptualizing the relationship between science and technology; understanding how science should be regulated; understanding how to communicate science to the public in a fair yet digestible way; etc. I then noted the many calls during the conference to encourage the development of “knowledge brokers” capable of inter-translating between the languages and interests of business, politics, and science. I encouraged people to think about consulting historians and philosophers of science as a kind of knowledge broker when developing science policy, for we have a unique and insightful perspective and skill-set for thinking and speaking about science in non-scientific terms. Each in our own way, those of us studying HPS make it our business to understand the nature of science, and to take the claims of scientists with the right amount and type of salt and seasoning. I was sure to state that we don’t have all the answers, but that we’ve been dealing with many of these questions for hundreds of years in academia, and have made advances in understanding science in the modern era. Thus, I said, HPS was an untapped resource both when making science policy, and in implementing many stages of it (both in the policy modelling process, and in the policy model itself, one could say). I closed by remarking that the IHPST is a world-class centre for HPS right here in Toronto, and that Toronto locals should not be afraid to ask people at the IHPST for input into science policy.
As a follow-up, I am curious how others felt about this comment. While it was noted during the closing plenary that some significant portion of participants were academics, most of those I met were practicing scientists, with almost no participants from the humanities studies of science. This is perhaps unfortunate because many scientists have a difficult time separating their own theoretical commitments, desires for funding, and internal conception of science from the external and theory-independent concerns we often have as science policy-makers. For example, some will remember the tension that arose during some comments made at the "Innovation: Market to Bench" session by a UofT Chemist. I think that a lot of the misunderstanding in that session can be attributed to the ironic fact that scientists, who are surely the best equipped to speak about the nature and activities of their own particular scientific project, are nevertheless often unequipped to speak about the nature of the scientific enterprise and its place in society more generally. Historians and Philosophers of Science, by contrast, are very well equipped to speak about the nature of science and its place in society. The calls that many had made for more academic participation, I think, were more directed at calls for HPS-type academics. As a result, I think they have a very important role to play in developing and implementing science policy, but I'm curious: What are other people's honest opinions about this?

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Curtis Forbes wrote that "many of the conceptual difficulties involved in the issues addressed at the CSPC were very similar to issues that we deal with in the humanities dscipline known as History and Philosophy of Science (HPS): issues about the nature of evidence; making decisions under uncertainty; conceptualizing the relationship between science and technology; understanding how science should be regulated; understanding how to communicate science to the public in a fair yet digestible way; etc. "
I do not doubt that this may have been true of the CSPC conference, but no such similarity was reported by the people who actually tried to promote science policy in Ottawa in the 1970s. The Glassco Report of 1963 prompted creation of a Privy Council Science Secretariat (later Ministry of State for Science and Technology) as the government's lead agency for all scientific activities, an independent Science Council of Canada (on the model of the Economic Council, then generally admired), new ministries for new demands (e.g. Environment, Natural Resources) and appropriate revision of various organic statutes (such as the NRC Act.) Notoriously the policy structures (Science Council and MoSST) were dismantled 20 years later.
No veterans of this period have suggested greater support from any HPS subject might have made them more effective. Their most general conclusion was that politicians and bureaucrats seldom want or welcome advice about science policy: and most actual policies of the period (e.g. contracting out government research, e.g. the spending target of 2 per cent for research, e.g. the National Oceans Policy of 1972) vanished from memory within a very few years, unnoticed and unregretted. Problems of all types persist, from the decline of saltwater fisheries to the loss of manufacturing and research jobs, but neither public servants nor politicians see that science policy disciplines have any bearing on their management.
The Lamontagne Report characterized Canada in the postwar years as "a country without a science policy." Whether we now think this right or wrong for 1945-62, Canada has for the last 20 years functioned without a national science policy, or indeed any mechanisms to plan or implement science policies affecting more than one arm of the Crown. This may be adduced to validate governments (of both parties) dismantling the science policy structures erected earlier with such public attention.
These strictures may not be true of the Province of Quebec to nearly the extent they are true of the Rest of Canada. There was in the 1980s and '90s a mutual relationship between the HPS disciplines (mainly at UQAM) and Quebec officials in the provincial capital, that may persist today. It seems to have more to do with the smaller size and geographic concentration of the French-speaking intelligentsia (smaller than in English Canada or North America, that is) than with the actual content and practice of the HPS disciplines in Quebec.
A full and frank discussion of both science for policy and science policy requires a contribution from both the humanities (including both the history and phiosophy of science) as well as the social sciences. There is a rich cross discplinary conversation that is captured by the term "Science and Technology Studies (STS)" which can and should be tapped. Moreover, when it comes to science for policy, much can be learned from the discipline of political science which has devoted considerable effort to explaining how public policy decisions are made.
This barely scratches the surface of what could and should be said about these issues. Suffice to say that if the Conference is to lead to a renewed discussion of science policy in Canada, persons trained in the humanities and the social sciences have much to offer.
Patrick Fafard posted in September: "persons trained in the humanities and the social sciences have much to offer." E.W.R. Steacie discussed points like this often when president of the NRC 1952-62. His general reply was: "Why pitch when there is no catcher?" He was then talking about scientific managers as pitchers and politicians as the absentee catchers.
The Science Council made a trial of specially recognizing the social sciences by recruiting to its staff such individuals as Donald Savoie and Brigitte Schroeder-Gudhus in the early 1970s. Neither politicians nor science policy officials then sought guidance from the humanities or social sciences. It may remain generally true that these disciplies "have much to offer" -- but "why pitch when there is no catcher?"
Organizing Committee
Shiva Amiri
Marcius Extavour
Eleanor Fast
Curtis Forbes
Minnie Kim
Jeffrey Kinder
Odile Lagacé
Trevor McKee
Robin McLernon
Anton Neschadim
Jeff Sharom
Mahadeo Sukhai
Ilia Tikhomirov
Masoud Yeganegi
Christine Zhang

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